1. General trait examination 1. Urine volume Dogs 20-40ml/kg/day, cats 22-30ml/kg/day. Several situations of abnormal urine volume - 1. Polyuria is more common in the following diseases (1) Endocrine diseases: such as diabetes, primary hyperparathyr...
1. General trait examination
1. Urine volume
Dogs 20-40ml/kg/day, cats 22-30ml/kg/day. Several situations of abnormal urine volume - 1. Polyuria is more common in the following diseases (1) Endocrine diseases: such as diabetes, primary hyperparathyroidism and primary aldosteroneemia. (2) Renal diseases: such as chronic pyelonephritis, hypertensive nephropathy, chronic renal tubular failure, etc. (3) Mental polyuria: mostly caused by mental factors, such as tension and too much work pressure. 2. Oliguria or anuria is commonly found in the following diseases (1) Renal diseases: such as acute glomerulonephritis, acute attack of chronic nephritis, acute renal failure, etc. (2) Shock, severe dehydration or electrolyte disorder caused by various reasons, or urinary tract obstruction caused by various reasons.
2. Color
Normal fresh urine dogs are light yellow, and cats are yellow transparent liquid. After being left for a period of time, a trace amount of flocculent precipitation can be seen. The depth of urine color is often related to food, medicine and urine volume. There are several common abnormal urine with abnormal color - 1. Red When the urine contains a certain amount of red blood cells, the urine turns red, which is medically called hematuria. Commonly found in renal tuberculosis, renal tumors, renal or urinary tract stones, acute glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, cystitis, etc. It can also be seen in hemorrhagic diseases, such as thrombocytopenic purpura, hemophilia, etc. Note: When taking pigments, drugs, etc., it will also cause red urine, so it needs to be carefully identified. 2. Soy sauce or strong tea color is commonly found in broad bean disease, black urine fever, acute hepatitis, paroxysmal sleepy hemoglobinuria and blood transfusion reactions such as blood type. 3. Milky white is commonly found in filariasis, tuberculosis, tumors, chest and abdominal trauma or obstruction of lymphatic circulation around the kidneys due to certain reasons. In addition, when the patient suffers from urinary tract infections, such as cystitis, pyelonephritis, etc., white cloud-like precipitation can be seen after the urine is placed. Note: In normal urine, if there is a lot of phosphate, the urine can also be milky white, especially when the temperature is low in winter. 4. Yellow is commonly found in obstructive jaundice and hepatocellular jaundice. This is because urine contains a lot of binding bilirubin. It can also be seen after taking certain drugs, such as riboflavin, berberine, mitodiling, etc. 5. Blue-green is more common after using drugs such as meilan, anti-inflammatory, and amphetopteridine.
3. Odor
After normal urine is placed for a long time, an ammonia odor may appear due to decomposition of urea. If the urine smells ammonia when it is excreted, it is often caused by chronic cystitis or chronic urinary retention. If the urine has an apple-like odor, it is more common in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis. In addition, eating certain foods, such as garlic and onion, can also cause the urine to have a special smell.
2. Routine urine test
1. Normal reference value of urinary bile origin: Positive urinary bile origin is only a small amount under physiological conditions, and it increases slightly during hunger, after meals, exercise, etc. However, if the urine is diluted more than 4 times, it is still positive, indicating an increase in urinary bile origin, which is a pathological indication.
The increase in urinary urinary and bile in the urine is common in the following diseases - impaired liver function, such as liver disease, heart failure, etc.
People with hypergenesis of bilerubin in the body and unobstructed bile ducts are more common in patients with internal bleeding or various hemolytic diseases.
The increased urobiliary reabsorbing from the intestinal tract is more common in patients with stubborn constipation and intestinal obstruction.
is negative, seen in obstructive yelpsia.
2. Urinary bilirubin
Normal reference value:
Negative (-)
Clinical significance: Urinary bilirubin examination is an important test for displaying hepatocyte injury and identifying jaundice. Positive: It is found in obstructive jaundice caused by cholelithiasis, biliary tumors, biliary ascariasis, pancreatic head cancer, and hepatocyte yelpsy caused by liver cancer, cirrhosis, acute and chronic hepatitis, hepatocyte necrosis, etc. Negative: A negative reaction in hemolytic jaundice. When hepatic and obstructive jaundice are combined with severe renal injury, the urine intrabilirubin will have a negative reaction.
3. Ketone body
Normal reference value: Negative (-) Clinical significance: Positive, seen in diabetes, acidosis, vomiting of pregnancy, ejaculation, diarrhea, poisoning, typhoid fever, measles, scarlet fever, pneumonia, sepsis, acute rheumatism fever, acute miliary pulmonary nodules, convulsions, etc. In addition, hunger, excessive fat and protein intake after childbirth can also appear positive.
4. Occlusal blood
Normal reference value: Negative
5. Protein
Normal reference value: Negative
Positive clinical significance: Seen in various acute and chronic glomerulonephritis, acute pyelonephritis, multiple myeloma, post-renal transplantation, nephrotic syndrome caused by various causes, etc.;
Urinary system infections: such as pyelonephritis, cystitis or renal tuberculosis, etc.;
Other diseases: such as cardiac insufficiency, hypertensive nephropathy, diabetic nephropathy, hyperthyroidism, systemic lupus erythematosus, sepsis, leukemia, etc.
In addition, positive renal tubular epithelial cell damage caused by drug, mercury, pacification and other poisoning can also be seen.
6. Nitrate
Normal reference value: Negative
Clinical significance: Positive, seen in urinary tract infections such as cystitis and pyelonephritis.
7. Leukocytes Normal reference value: Negative
Clinical significance: Increased: seen in acute glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, bladder inflammation, urethritis, urethritis, urethritis, urethritis, etc.
8. Glucose Normal reference value: Negative
Clinical significance: Positive, seen in diabetes, hyperthyroidism, anterior pituitary hyperactivity, phocyte tumor, pancreatitis, pancreatitis, severe renal insufficiency, etc. In addition, stress diabetes can also occur, craniocerebral trauma, cerebrovascular accident, concussion, acute myocardial infarction, etc. After eating too much high-sugar substances, transient blood sugar can also be elevated, making urine sugar positive.
9. Specific gravity
The specific gravity of infants and young children is relatively low, and the specific gravity of urine is affected by age, water consumption and sweating. The level of urine specific gravity depends mainly on the concentration function of the kidney, so determining urine specific gravity can be used as one of the renal function tests. Normal reference value: dog 1.015-1.045, cat 1.015-1.060 Clinical significance:
Urine specific gravity reduction: Common in chronic pyelonephritis, diabetes insipidus, chronic glomerulonephritis, acute renal failure, etc.
Increased urine specific gravity: It is more common in diabetes, high fever, vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration, acute glomerulonephritis and heart failure.
10.PH
Normal reference value: The pH value (pH) of dogs and cats (price and alkalinity) is between 5.0 and 7.0, and generally around 6.0. Normal urine is weakly acidic, or neutral or weakly alkaline. The pH of urine depends to a large extent on the type of diet, the medications taken, and the type of disease. Clinical significance: Urine pH value is less than normal: Commonly caused by acidosis, diabetes, gout, leukemia or taking acidic drugs (such as ammonium chloride); Urine pH value is greater than normal: more common in alkaline poisoning, cystitis, or taking alkaline drugs such as sodium bicarbonate.
11. Vitamin C
Normal reference value: Negative
Clinical significance: Vitamin C is affected by food. If the vitamin C content in food is high, it may be higher than the normal value in urine. This is normal. Vitamin C is an antioxidant similar to a "reducing agent" in chemical reactions. Therefore, as long as there is an "oxidation-reduction reaction" process in any laboratory test, vitamin C may participate in it, which will affect the examination results. The most common one is the impact on urine analysis - large amounts of intake of vitamin C can cause false negative results for urinary occult blood, urine sugar, urine ketone bodies, and nitrite test items (there was originally a problem, but it was not detected), which may cause doctors to make wrong judgments about the disease. Therefore, regular urine vitamin C+3 will not have a big impact on the body directly.
Usual indicators can be roughly divided into four categories: nephropathy, diabetes, urinary infection and other diseases.
1. Nephropathy indexes: pH (pH), specific gravity (SG), cryptohema or red blood cells (BLD, ERY), protein (PRO) and color (COL). The normal reference values are: 4.6~8.0, 1.005~1.030, respectively, positive and negative, light yellow to dark yellow. Changes in these indicators may suggest renal impairment.
2. Diabetes indicators: pH (pH), protein, specific gravity, sugar (GLU) and ketone bodies (KET). The detection of these indicators helps diagnose related complications and whether some organs of the body are damaged, such as whether there is ketemia. Under normal circumstances, urine sugar and ketone bodies are negative.
3. Urinary infection indicators: white blood cells (WBC), cryptohematosus or red blood cells, nitrites (NIT), color and turbidity (TUR). When the urinary system is infected by bacteria, white blood cells and red blood cells often appear in the urine, and the color or turbidity of the urine also changes, and nitrites are sometimes positive. Chemical detection of urinary white blood cells, cryptohematosus or red blood cells only serves a screening effect, and clinical diagnosis is based on the microscopic results.
4. Other disease indicators are mainly pH, specific gravity, bilirubin (BIL), urobiliary (URO), color and other indicators. The two indicators of bilirubin and urobiliarynthetic reflect the ability and amount of heme metabolism in the liver. Under normal circumstances, urobilirubin is negative, and urobiliary is originally weakly positive. When the above indicators increase, it often indicates jaundice and the urine color is yellow-green.
Tip: If some items on the routine urine analysis test form appear after "1+" or "3+"... or +, +++, and the surface test result is positive; on the contrary, if it is "-", it means that the test result is negative. When reading a report, you should analyze the report objectively because many interfering factors affect the accuracy of the test results, such as dietary factors, some interfering substances in the urine, etc. When there are abnormalities in routine urine tests, please do not be too nervous or worried; similarly, do not be blindly optimistic when there are test results that are inconsistent with clinical manifestations. We must cooperate with clinicians to perform further examinations and analysis to avoid delaying the diagnosis of the disease.
